A simple Python program:

flag1 = False
flag2 = True
if False:
  nested_flag = False

# No NameError here!  
if flag1 and nested_flag:
  print('Stuff!')
else:
  print('No Stuff!')

#Causes a NameError
if flag2 and nested_flag:
  print('Stuff Again!')
else:
  print('No Stuff Again!')

Sample output:

Python 3.5.2 (default, Dec 2015, 13:05:11)
[GCC 4.8.2] on linux
   
No Stuff!
Traceback (most recent call last):
  File "python", line 11, in <module>
NameError: name 'nested_flag' is not defined

The first conditional does not cause a NameError, presumably because the Python interpreter doesn’t evaluate the second operand of the Boolean AND operation if the first operand evaluates to False. This is a reasonable optimization, but omitting all processing of the second operand hides the name error until very specific runtime conditions are met. In production code, the state of flag1 may only be true 1% of the time or depend on user interactions or database reads, so this class of errors can be very difficult to catch, even with a well-designed test plan.

The solution is simple: analyse the code for semantic correctness–including name errors–before the code ever runs. Fail early, fail fast.